The two Sample papers uploaded here.
Wednesday, December 11, 2019
Monday, December 2, 2019
Roadside Stand
EXPLANATION
A Roadside Stand A roadside stand is a poem written by the highly-acclaimed poet, Robert Frost who is regarded for his realistic depiction of rural life using which he touched several difficult social themes of the time. In this poem, the poet highlights the plight of the deprived villagers who are aching for some money to lead a prosperous life.The poet is also very critical of the way the city folks treat these villagers who are selling their locally produced goods and whizzing past them without a sense of empathy.
Lines 1-6 The occupants of the little old house have extended the shed in front, around the edge of the road where traffic passes by.Though it would be unfair to state that the shack-owners wanted a charity of bread, but nevertheless they seemed to implore the passers-by to stop and buy something from the shack.These deprived people long for the feel of the cur rency, the circulation of which flourishes the city folks.
Lines 7-15 But unfortunately, the refined traffic whizzed past, unmindful of the shack. Or, if by chance, any stopped, it would be with a feeling of reproach at this blot on the picturesque landscape.They are very perturbed to see the unimpressive and toppled up signboards.The shack offered for sale wild berries in a wooden quart (quarter of a gallon).The unqualitative local produce is highlighted with the usage of words like "crook-necked","squash with silver warts". The place also offered a blissful stay in the lap of nature for the ones who had money. Angry at the callous attitude of the so-called ‘polished traffic‘, the poet commands them to move ahead oblivious of the road-side stand. ∞ ∞ CBSE ∞ 2
Lines 16-22 The poet’s concern is not about the blemish on the landscape but regarding the unvented sorrow of the shed-owners. Expressing the view point of these people, the poet converts their ardent desire to handle some city money, which may perhaps alleviate their sufferings as sometimes promised in movies.The political party in power actually deprive them of a prosperous life.
Lines 23-31 The poet quotes the news which highlights the evacuation and relocation of the poor villagers to the vicinity of the theaters and the shops.Tall promises have been made to take good care of them. Outraged at the negligent attitude of the civic authorities, government and even social service agencies, the poet addresses them as "greedy good-doers" apparently benefactors but actually "beasts of prey" who exploit the innocent village folk by giving them a short term sense of security, the villagers are not being helped but harmed. They pay a heavy price by losing their land.These developers, civic authorities, with a calculative strategy "soothe" (silence) and befool the unalloyed heart and minds of these villagers. By ensuring them a better life and hence good sleep, they actually sleep peacefully themselves and destroy their slumber with anxiety.In the ancient way, people used to work during day and sleep in nights which has been reversed here where they are not able to sleep at night because they haven’t worked in the day.
Lines 32-43 The poet is distressed to note the interminable wait on the part of the shed owners for their prospective buyers, he calls it almost a "childish longing in vain".The shop window is blanketed with an ambience of sadness that surrounds expectancy.It seems these people yearn for the sound of the car brakes near the shack. One of the "selfish cars" that pass by the shed has perhaps halted to enquire the "farmer’s price" while the other just wanted to use the backyard to turn.It’s indeed a satire that one of the occupants of the car stops at the shed to get a gallon of gas.It highlights a sense of alienation that exists between the rural and urban life. Unaware of the villagers plights and engrossed with the pleasure of the material world, these people are unable to gauge the 3 glaring difference in city and rural life.
Lines 43-52 The poet regrets that the yardstick of gain vested in money, isn’t found in the country-side at all. Money he feels elevates spirits and the lack of it dampens the villagers’ perspective towards life.They tend to express their grievance about a life bereft of money. At this point of time, the poet is overwhelmed with emotions and contemplates their pain at one go by changing their lives. But a later logical thought and a poised state of mind tells him the futility of this rash act.It might compel him to seek purgation of pain from others for his thoughtless decision.
The following poetic devices can be identified in the poem:
1. Transferred epithet - 'polished traffic' and 'selfish cars'
2. Personification - 'the sadness that lurks behind the window', 'the roadside stand that too pathetically pled'
3. Alliteration - 'greedy good doers' and 'beneficent beasts of prey', 'pathetically pled'
4. Oxymoron - 'greedy good doers' and 'beneficent beasts of prey'
5. Metaphor - 'The flower of the cities from sinking and withering faint'
A Roadside Stand A roadside stand is a poem written by the highly-acclaimed poet, Robert Frost who is regarded for his realistic depiction of rural life using which he touched several difficult social themes of the time. In this poem, the poet highlights the plight of the deprived villagers who are aching for some money to lead a prosperous life.The poet is also very critical of the way the city folks treat these villagers who are selling their locally produced goods and whizzing past them without a sense of empathy.
Lines 1-6 The occupants of the little old house have extended the shed in front, around the edge of the road where traffic passes by.Though it would be unfair to state that the shack-owners wanted a charity of bread, but nevertheless they seemed to implore the passers-by to stop and buy something from the shack.These deprived people long for the feel of the cur rency, the circulation of which flourishes the city folks.
Lines 7-15 But unfortunately, the refined traffic whizzed past, unmindful of the shack. Or, if by chance, any stopped, it would be with a feeling of reproach at this blot on the picturesque landscape.They are very perturbed to see the unimpressive and toppled up signboards.The shack offered for sale wild berries in a wooden quart (quarter of a gallon).The unqualitative local produce is highlighted with the usage of words like "crook-necked","squash with silver warts". The place also offered a blissful stay in the lap of nature for the ones who had money. Angry at the callous attitude of the so-called ‘polished traffic‘, the poet commands them to move ahead oblivious of the road-side stand. ∞ ∞ CBSE ∞ 2
Lines 16-22 The poet’s concern is not about the blemish on the landscape but regarding the unvented sorrow of the shed-owners. Expressing the view point of these people, the poet converts their ardent desire to handle some city money, which may perhaps alleviate their sufferings as sometimes promised in movies.The political party in power actually deprive them of a prosperous life.
Lines 23-31 The poet quotes the news which highlights the evacuation and relocation of the poor villagers to the vicinity of the theaters and the shops.Tall promises have been made to take good care of them. Outraged at the negligent attitude of the civic authorities, government and even social service agencies, the poet addresses them as "greedy good-doers" apparently benefactors but actually "beasts of prey" who exploit the innocent village folk by giving them a short term sense of security, the villagers are not being helped but harmed. They pay a heavy price by losing their land.These developers, civic authorities, with a calculative strategy "soothe" (silence) and befool the unalloyed heart and minds of these villagers. By ensuring them a better life and hence good sleep, they actually sleep peacefully themselves and destroy their slumber with anxiety.In the ancient way, people used to work during day and sleep in nights which has been reversed here where they are not able to sleep at night because they haven’t worked in the day.
Lines 32-43 The poet is distressed to note the interminable wait on the part of the shed owners for their prospective buyers, he calls it almost a "childish longing in vain".The shop window is blanketed with an ambience of sadness that surrounds expectancy.It seems these people yearn for the sound of the car brakes near the shack. One of the "selfish cars" that pass by the shed has perhaps halted to enquire the "farmer’s price" while the other just wanted to use the backyard to turn.It’s indeed a satire that one of the occupants of the car stops at the shed to get a gallon of gas.It highlights a sense of alienation that exists between the rural and urban life. Unaware of the villagers plights and engrossed with the pleasure of the material world, these people are unable to gauge the 3 glaring difference in city and rural life.
Lines 43-52 The poet regrets that the yardstick of gain vested in money, isn’t found in the country-side at all. Money he feels elevates spirits and the lack of it dampens the villagers’ perspective towards life.They tend to express their grievance about a life bereft of money. At this point of time, the poet is overwhelmed with emotions and contemplates their pain at one go by changing their lives. But a later logical thought and a poised state of mind tells him the futility of this rash act.It might compel him to seek purgation of pain from others for his thoughtless decision.
The following poetic devices can be identified in the poem:
1. Transferred epithet - 'polished traffic' and 'selfish cars'
2. Personification - 'the sadness that lurks behind the window', 'the roadside stand that too pathetically pled'
3. Alliteration - 'greedy good doers' and 'beneficent beasts of prey', 'pathetically pled'
4. Oxymoron - 'greedy good doers' and 'beneficent beasts of prey'
5. Metaphor - 'The flower of the cities from sinking and withering faint'
Indigo
INDIGO
Question.1. Why did Gandhiji
feel that taking the Champaran case to court was useless?
Answer. When Gandhiji got to know about the plight of the peasant groups in Champaran from his discussion with the lawyers, he came to the conclusion that the poor peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken that law courts were useless in their case. Going to courts overburdened the sharecroppers with heavy litigation expenses. What really needed to be done was to make them free from fear.
Answer. When Gandhiji got to know about the plight of the peasant groups in Champaran from his discussion with the lawyers, he came to the conclusion that the poor peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken that law courts were useless in their case. Going to courts overburdened the sharecroppers with heavy litigation expenses. What really needed to be done was to make them free from fear.
Question.2. How did
the Champaran peasants react when they heard that a Mahatma had come to help them?
Answer. When the Champaran peasants heard that a Mahatma had come to help them, they assembled in Motihari in large number. Thousands of peasants held a demonstration around the courthouse where Gandhiji was supposed to appear. The crowd was so uncontrollable that the officials felt powerless, and Gandhiji himself helped the authorities to regulate the crowd.
Answer. When the Champaran peasants heard that a Mahatma had come to help them, they assembled in Motihari in large number. Thousands of peasants held a demonstration around the courthouse where Gandhiji was supposed to appear. The crowd was so uncontrollable that the officials felt powerless, and Gandhiji himself helped the authorities to regulate the crowd.
Question.3. What made
the Lieutenant Governor drop the case against Gandhiji?
Answer. When Gandhiji was asked to appear in the
court in Motihari, thousands of peasants held a demonstration arounck the
courthouse. The officials felt helpless and the government was baffled. The
trial was postponed, as the judge didn’t want to aggravate the situation. He held
up the sentence for several days, after which Gandhiji was released without
bail. All these events made the Lieutenant Governor drop the case against
Gandhiji.
Question.4. Why did
Gandhiji oppose when his friend Andrews offered to stay in Champaran and
help the peasants?
help the peasants?
or
Why did Gandhiji object to CF Andrews’ stay in Champaran?
Answer. CF Andrews, an English pacifist, was a devoted follower of Gandhiji. The lawyers thought that bejng an Englishman, Andrews could be of immense help to them in their cause of fighting the battle of Champaran. Gandhiji, however,.was against this because he felt that enlisting an Englishman’s help showed weakness. Their cause was just, and they had to win the battle by relying on themselves. This would make them self-reliant.
Why did Gandhiji object to CF Andrews’ stay in Champaran?
Answer. CF Andrews, an English pacifist, was a devoted follower of Gandhiji. The lawyers thought that bejng an Englishman, Andrews could be of immense help to them in their cause of fighting the battle of Champaran. Gandhiji, however,.was against this because he felt that enlisting an Englishman’s help showed weakness. Their cause was just, and they had to win the battle by relying on themselves. This would make them self-reliant.
Question.5. What did
the peasants pay to the British landlords as rent?
Answer. The British landlords had entered into a long-term contract with the farmers according to which they compelled all tenants to plant 15% of their holdings with indigo. The sharecroppers had to surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent.
Answer. The British landlords had entered into a long-term contract with the farmers according to which they compelled all tenants to plant 15% of their holdings with indigo. The sharecroppers had to surrender the entire indigo harvest as rent.
Question.6.Why did
Gandhiji decide to go to Muzaffarpur before going to Champaran?
Answer. Rajkumar Shukla had given quite a lot of information to Gandhiji about the indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. However, Gandhiji wished to obtain more complete information about the conditions than Shukla had imparted. He visited Muzaffarpur, which was en route to Champaran, to inquire from the lawyers there about the issue, as they frequently represented the peasant groups in the court.
Answer. Rajkumar Shukla had given quite a lot of information to Gandhiji about the indigo sharecroppers of Champaran. However, Gandhiji wished to obtain more complete information about the conditions than Shukla had imparted. He visited Muzaffarpur, which was en route to Champaran, to inquire from the lawyers there about the issue, as they frequently represented the peasant groups in the court.
Question.7.Why do you
think the servants thought Gandhi to be another peasant? Answer. The servants knew that Rajkumar Shukla
was a poor farmer who pestered their master to help the indigo sharecroppers.
Since Gandhiji accompanied Shukla and was dressed simply, they mistook him for
a peasant. Gandhiji’s modesty and unassertiveness also led to the assumption
that he was a peasant.
Question.8.”The battle
of Champaran is won!.” What led Gandhiji to make this remark?
Answer. The lawyers first decided to return home if Gandhiji. was arrested. But they soon realised their mistake. When they declared that they would fight for the peasants’ cause in the event of Gandhiji’s arrest and volunteered to court arrest for the cause of the sharecroppers, Gandhiji was very pleased and exclaimed, “The battle of Champaran is won!.”
Answer. The lawyers first decided to return home if Gandhiji. was arrested. But they soon realised their mistake. When they declared that they would fight for the peasants’ cause in the event of Gandhiji’s arrest and volunteered to court arrest for the cause of the sharecroppers, Gandhiji was very pleased and exclaimed, “The battle of Champaran is won!.”
Question.9.Why did
Gandhi agree to the planters’ offer of a 25% refund to the farmers?
Answer. Gandhiji agreed to a settlement of 25% refund to the farmers in order to break the deadlock between the landlords and peasants. For him the amount of the refund was not very important. The fact that the landlords had been obliged to surrender a part of their money as well as their prestige gave a moral victory to the farmers. Thus, Gandhiji not only made the landlords accept their dishonesty but also made the farmers learn a lesson in defending their rights with courage.
Answer. Gandhiji agreed to a settlement of 25% refund to the farmers in order to break the deadlock between the landlords and peasants. For him the amount of the refund was not very important. The fact that the landlords had been obliged to surrender a part of their money as well as their prestige gave a moral victory to the farmers. Thus, Gandhiji not only made the landlords accept their dishonesty but also made the farmers learn a lesson in defending their rights with courage.
Question.10.How was
Gandhi able to influence the lawyers? Give instances.
or
How was Gandhiji able to influence the lawyers?
Answer. Gandhiji’s sincerity towards the peasants’ cause and convincing arguments and negotiations, thoroughly influenced the lawyers. He chided them for overcharging the peasants and encouraged them to court arrest for the peasants’ noble cause. He even rejected their proposal to seek Mr Andrews help in their battle against the Britishers in order to be self-reliant and independent.
How was Gandhiji able to influence the lawyers?
Answer. Gandhiji’s sincerity towards the peasants’ cause and convincing arguments and negotiations, thoroughly influenced the lawyers. He chided them for overcharging the peasants and encouraged them to court arrest for the peasants’ noble cause. He even rejected their proposal to seek Mr Andrews help in their battle against the Britishers in order to be self-reliant and independent.
Long Answer Type Questions (120-150 Words)
Question.6. The
Champaran episode was a turning point in Gandhiji’s life. Elucidate.
Answer. Gandhiji himself accepted the proposition that the Champaran episode was a turning point in his life. It was then that he decided to urge the departure of the British from India.
In fact the Champaran episode was the first experiment of civil disobedience in India. When Gandhiji was on his way to Champaran, he stayed in Muzaffarpur, where he met the lawyers who were fighting cases for the sharecroppers. The peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken . that Gandhiji concluded that law courts were useless. The real relief for them was to be free from fear. The spontaneous demonstration by the peasants showed that they were instilled with a new strength and spirit. Gandhiji showed the poor peasants how to fight the British with ‘satyagraha’. He made them aware of their power and the power of ahimsa.
All this laid the foundation of his future movements and served as a great source of strength and motivation for all Indians.
Answer. Gandhiji himself accepted the proposition that the Champaran episode was a turning point in his life. It was then that he decided to urge the departure of the British from India.
In fact the Champaran episode was the first experiment of civil disobedience in India. When Gandhiji was on his way to Champaran, he stayed in Muzaffarpur, where he met the lawyers who were fighting cases for the sharecroppers. The peasants were so crushed and fear-stricken . that Gandhiji concluded that law courts were useless. The real relief for them was to be free from fear. The spontaneous demonstration by the peasants showed that they were instilled with a new strength and spirit. Gandhiji showed the poor peasants how to fight the British with ‘satyagraha’. He made them aware of their power and the power of ahimsa.
All this laid the foundation of his future movements and served as a great source of strength and motivation for all Indians.
Question.2.Gandhiji’s
loyalty was not a loyalty to abstractions; it was a loyalty to living human
beings. Why did Gandhiji continue his stay in Champaran even after indigo sharecropping disappeared?
beings. Why did Gandhiji continue his stay in Champaran even after indigo sharecropping disappeared?
Answer. After the Champaran battle was won and
the land reverted to the peasants, Gandhiji continued to stay on in the region.
His loyalty was, indeed, to living human beings and he realised that a lot needed
to be done for the upliftment of the peasants in the villages of Champaran.
Gandhiji took the initiative and began the work of eradicating their cultural
and social backwardness. Primary schools were started so that the poor peasants
and their children could be educated. Gandhiji appealed to teachers, and many
of his disciples, including his wife and son, volunteered for the work.
Health conditions in the area were also miserable. Gandhiji got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. All this-goes to prove that Gandhiji’s loyalty was not to abstractions, but his politics was always intertwined with the practical day to day problems of the millions.
Health conditions in the area were also miserable. Gandhiji got a doctor to volunteer his services for six months. All this-goes to prove that Gandhiji’s loyalty was not to abstractions, but his politics was always intertwined with the practical day to day problems of the millions.
Question.3. Give an
account of Gandhiji’s efforts to secure justice for the poor indigo sharecroppers
of Champaran.
Answer. In the course of his journey to Champaran with Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhiji stayed at Muzaffarpur where he met the lawyers and concluded that fighting through courts was not going to solve the problem of the poor sharecroppers of Champaran. He declared that the real relief for them was to be free from fear.
With this intention, he arrived in Champaran and contacted the Secretary of the British Landlord’s association. The Secretary refused to provide him any information. After this, Gandhiji met the Commissioner of the Tirhut division who served a notice on him to immediately leave Tirhut.
Gandhiji accepted the notice by signing it and wrote on it that he would not obey the order. He was even willing to court arrest for the cause of the peasants.
After four rounds of talks with-the Governor, an official commission of inquiry was appointed in which Gandhiji was made the sole representative of the peasants.
Through this commission Gandhiji succeeded in getting 25% of the compensation award for the poor sharecroppers from the British landowners.
Answer. In the course of his journey to Champaran with Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhiji stayed at Muzaffarpur where he met the lawyers and concluded that fighting through courts was not going to solve the problem of the poor sharecroppers of Champaran. He declared that the real relief for them was to be free from fear.
With this intention, he arrived in Champaran and contacted the Secretary of the British Landlord’s association. The Secretary refused to provide him any information. After this, Gandhiji met the Commissioner of the Tirhut division who served a notice on him to immediately leave Tirhut.
Gandhiji accepted the notice by signing it and wrote on it that he would not obey the order. He was even willing to court arrest for the cause of the peasants.
After four rounds of talks with-the Governor, an official commission of inquiry was appointed in which Gandhiji was made the sole representative of the peasants.
Through this commission Gandhiji succeeded in getting 25% of the compensation award for the poor sharecroppers from the British landowners.
The Rattrap
THE
RATTRAP
Q1. From where did the peddler get the idea of the world is a rat
trap?
Ans. The
tramp went around selling small rattraps made of scrap wire. One day he was
struck by the idea that the whole world was nothing but a big rat trap. It
existed only to set baits for people. It offered riches and joys, shelter and
food, heat and clothing in the same manner, as the rattrap offered cheese. As
soon as someone let himself be tempted to touch the bait, it closed in on him
and then everything came to an end.
Q2. Why did the ironmaster speak kindly to him and invite him
home?
Ans. The ironmaster made a mistake
in recognizing the tramp. Due to his shabby appearance and the fading light
near the furnace he thought the man to be his old regimental comrade, Captain
Von Stahle. Thus he addressed him warmly and invited him home.
Q3. What made the peddler think that he had indeed fallen
into a rat trap?
Ans. After having stolen thirty
kroner from the crofter, the peddler realized that he could not walk on the
public highway and so he turned off the road into the woods. It was a big and
confusing forest and the paths twisted back and forth. He walked for a long
time without coining to the end of the woods. He finally realized that he had
been walking around in the same part of the forest. Recalling his thoughts
about the world, and the rattrap he realized that he had let himself be fooled
by a bait and had been caught.
Q4. Why did the peddler decline the invitation of the
ironmaster?
Ans. The peddler was aware of the
fact that the ironmaster had extended an invitation to his comrade Captain Von
Stahle. He also knew that after stealing the crofter’s money, he was at a risk
of getting caught. So, he declined the invitation.
Q5. What made the peddler accept Edla Willmansson’s invitation?
Ans. Edla’s ability to persuade and
convince the peddler to stay on, made him accept the invitation. She was
compassionate and friendly. She asked him not to be afraid and assured him that
he could go away freely after Christmas dinner. She begged him to join them for
Christmas. Her sincerity and friendly nature made the peddler accept the
invitation.
Q6. What doubts did Edla have about the peddler?
Ans. Just as Edla lifted the
peddler’s hat he jumped up abruptly and seemed to be quite frightened. Her kind
looks, her compassionate and friendly nature could not calm him. She perceived
that it looked as if he had stolen something or had escaped from jail.
Q7. When did the ironmaster realize his mistake?
Ans. The ironmaster realized his
mistake when he met the stranger the next morning. The valet had bathed him,
cut his hair and shaved him. Moreover, he was dressed in a suit which belonged
to the ironmaster. He wore a white shirt, a starched collar and whole shoes.
When the ironmaster saw him in broad daylight it was impossible to mistake him
for an old acquaintance. The ironmaster threatened to hand him over to the
sheriff.
Q8. ‘The next day both men got up in good season’. Why? Who
are the men and what did they do after getting up?
Ans. The
two men are the old crofter and the rattrap peddler. The crofter got up early
in the morning to milk his cow. His guest also wanted to get up because the
host was awake. Both left the cottage at the same time. The crofter locked the
door and put the key in his pocket. Thereafter they both bade each other
goodbye and went their own way.
Q9. What two plans did the ironmaster reveal to his daughter at
breakfast on Christmas Eve? How did the daughter react?
Ans. The
ironmaster firstly decided that the old regimental comrade (the peddler) had to
gain some flesh on his bones. Then he must choose a different profession and
not run around the country selling rattraps. The daughter reacted by saying
that the previous night there was no indication to show that he had once been
an educated man.
LAQ’S
Q1. The peddler thinks that the whole world is a rat trap. This
view of life is true only of himself and of no one else in the story. Comment.
Answer in about 120-150
words.
Ans. The peddler doesn’t think
kindly of the world and its people. For him, the world is a big rattrap to trap
the people in. The luxuries of the world are the baits that tempt the people to
get trapped. The world has been very unkind to him. So it gives him great
pleasure to think ill of it. Ironically, he finds himself trapped like a rat
when he steals the thirty kronor of the credulous crofter. Subsequently, it
leads him to Edla’s home where he receives nothing except kindness. It is true
that this bitter view of the world is his own subjective one. In fact, the
world has no dearth of genuinely kind people like the crofter, Edla and even
the ironmaster. All treat him kindly. Edla believes in compassion and Christian
values and eventually touches the goodness in him and helped him see the world
in a positive light.
Q2. The Rattrap is a story where a good deed or an act of kindness
changes a person’s view of the world. Discuss with reference to the theme.
Ans. ‘The Rattrap’ is an
entertaining and philosophical story that reveals the theme of the human
tendency to redeem oneself from dishonest ways. The tramp proves the idea that
the essential goodness of human beings can be awakened through understanding
and love. Circumstances had forced the peddler to indulge in petty crimes. Even
though he used to sell rattraps made from scrap metal, his poverty had brought
out the worst in him, making him bitter and killing his conscience.
The tramp’s view of the world was a cynical one: he envied those
who were better off than him. He believed the world to be like a rat trap that
offered temptations like shelter and food for entrapping victims. The peddler
did not hesitate to steal money from the crofter even though he enjoyed his
hospitality and warm welcome. Pangs of guilt troubled him when he lost his way
in the forest. His bitter and hardened temperament received a chance for
repentance when he encountered the ironmaster and his daughter.
The author brings an effective twist in the story to show that
innate goodness exists in all human beings. It takes a little love,
understanding and an act of friendship to bring it to the fore. The iron
master’s daughter showed him sympathy, honour and respect and gave him a sense
of dignity. This touched a chord in the heart of the peddler who at once felt
that he was no longer the nameless tramp that he had been all his life but
somebody with an identity. He redeemed himself by returning the stolen money as
he had felt motivated by Edla’s kindness.
A Thing of Beauty
A
THING OF BEAUTY
Question.1. Read the
extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
And such too is the
grandeur of the dooms
We have imagined for the mighty dead;
All lovely tales that we have heard or read;
An endless fountain of immortal drink,
Pouring unto us from heaven’s brink
We have imagined for the mighty dead;
All lovely tales that we have heard or read;
An endless fountain of immortal drink,
Pouring unto us from heaven’s brink
(a) Name the poem and the poet.
(b) What is the thing of beauty mentioned in these lines?
(c) What image does the poet use in these lines?
(d) What is the effect of this ‘immortal drink’ on us?
(e) Who are the ‘mighty dead’? How do we know about them?
(f) What images does the poet use to convey that beauty is everlasting?
(g) What is the effect of the immortal drink?
Answer.(a) The poem is ‘A thing of beauty’ and the poet is John Keats.
(b) The thing of beauty mentioned in these lines is the group of stories celebrating the glory of our powerful ancestors, which we have read or heard.
(c) The poet uses the image of an ‘endless fountain’ coming down to us from heaven. According to him, nature and other beautiful things around us are like a gift from God, which give us infinite delight and Joy.
(d) The immortal drink gives us immense joy, a joy that is everlasting, one that will never come to an end.
(e) Our ancestors, who were great in their own ways and the dead emperors have been referred to as the mighty dead. We come to know about them by reading or hearing valorous tales, which speak of their innumerable sacrifices. They are a source of motivation for all who go through them.
(f) ‘Endless fountain’ of joy is the image that has been used to convey that beauty is everlasting. Things of beauty are an eternal source of motivation, a precious gift from heaven which give us infinite pleasure and delight.
(g) The immortal drink that nature’s endless fountain pours on us gives us immense joy and pleasure.
Question.2. Read the
extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
Spite of despondence,
of the inhuman dearth
Of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o’er-darkened ways
Made for our searching: yes in spite of all,
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
From our dark spirits.
Of noble natures, of the gloomy days,
Of all the unhealthy and o’er-darkened ways
Made for our searching: yes in spite of all,
Some shape of beauty moves away the pall
From our dark spirits.
(a) Name the poem and the poet.
(b) Why are we despondent?
(c) What removes “the pall from our dark spirits”?
(d) Explain, “the inhuman dearth of noble natures.” ’
(e) What are we doing every day?
(f) Which evil things do we possess and suffer from?
(g) What are the circumstances that contribute towards making humans unhappy and disillusioned with life?
(h) What removes the pall from our dark spirits?
Answer. (a) The poem is ‘A Thing of Beauty’ and
the poet is John Keats.
(b) Human life is full of trials and tribulations. We add to our troubles and make our lives more difficult by following evil ways. We hurt others as well as ourselves. This makes us despondent.
(c) The various objects of beauty around us remove the pall from our dark spirits. Beautiful things have the power to make us happy.
(d) The poet here means that the world lacks in men of noble nature or qualities. There are few people who are noble in character; most of the people are self-centred and pursue evil ways.
(e) The memory of beautiful things remains in our minds and strengthens our bond with the Earth. Every day, these bonds get strengthened by the flowery bands that we prepare.
(f) Humans suffer from hopelessness and sadness. Our poor style of living make us grim.
(g) Hopelessness, sadness and lack of noble ways are a part of human life. We harm ourselves by following unhealthy and wicked paths. These circumstances contribute towards making humans unhappy and disillusioned with life.
(h) Anything beautiful in our surroundings or even the memories of our beautiful experiences removes the pall from our dark spirits.
(b) Human life is full of trials and tribulations. We add to our troubles and make our lives more difficult by following evil ways. We hurt others as well as ourselves. This makes us despondent.
(c) The various objects of beauty around us remove the pall from our dark spirits. Beautiful things have the power to make us happy.
(d) The poet here means that the world lacks in men of noble nature or qualities. There are few people who are noble in character; most of the people are self-centred and pursue evil ways.
(e) The memory of beautiful things remains in our minds and strengthens our bond with the Earth. Every day, these bonds get strengthened by the flowery bands that we prepare.
(f) Humans suffer from hopelessness and sadness. Our poor style of living make us grim.
(g) Hopelessness, sadness and lack of noble ways are a part of human life. We harm ourselves by following unhealthy and wicked paths. These circumstances contribute towards making humans unhappy and disillusioned with life.
(h) Anything beautiful in our surroundings or even the memories of our beautiful experiences removes the pall from our dark spirits.
Question.3. Read the
extract given below and answer the questions that follow.
“Some shape of beauty
moves away the pall
From our dark spirits,”
From our dark spirits,”
(a) How does beauty
help us when we are burdened with grief?
(b) Explain; “Some shape of beauty.”
(c) Identify the figure of speech in the above lines.
(d) Why are our spirits referred to as ‘dark’?
Answer. (a) Whenever we look at a beautiful object, we are filled with comfort and joy. When we are burdened with grief, a thing of beauty comes as a ray of hope, and makes us forget our sorrow and suffering at least for some time.
(b) Beauty is an abstract idea and has no specific shape. The poet here means beauty in some form or some beautiful object which pleases us.
(c) The above lines present an example of metaphor. Our souls are steeped in sadness and disappointment which are compared to a pall or shroud covering the dead.
(d) Our spirits are dejected due to extreme sadness and disappointment which may be the result of our own evil actions. So, the poet refers to them as dark, because of the hopelessness we feel.
(b) Explain; “Some shape of beauty.”
(c) Identify the figure of speech in the above lines.
(d) Why are our spirits referred to as ‘dark’?
Answer. (a) Whenever we look at a beautiful object, we are filled with comfort and joy. When we are burdened with grief, a thing of beauty comes as a ray of hope, and makes us forget our sorrow and suffering at least for some time.
(b) Beauty is an abstract idea and has no specific shape. The poet here means beauty in some form or some beautiful object which pleases us.
(c) The above lines present an example of metaphor. Our souls are steeped in sadness and disappointment which are compared to a pall or shroud covering the dead.
(d) Our spirits are dejected due to extreme sadness and disappointment which may be the result of our own evil actions. So, the poet refers to them as dark, because of the hopelessness we feel.
Question.4. According
to Keats, what spreads the pall of despondence over our dark spirits? How is it removed?
Answer. John Keats says that pain and suffering are a part of life. These bring us sadness and despondence. But still, we can find hope. The hope and motivation come from nature and remove the pall of despondence from our spirits. The beautiful sights give us inspiration to continue the journey of life.
Answer. John Keats says that pain and suffering are a part of life. These bring us sadness and despondence. But still, we can find hope. The hope and motivation come from nature and remove the pall of despondence from our spirits. The beautiful sights give us inspiration to continue the journey of life.
Question.5. Why is
‘grandeur’ associated with the mighty dead?
Answer. The mighty dead are those who have laid down their lives for a great or noble cause. Their death is replete with intellectual and spiritual beauty. Birth, growth and decay, all are inseparable. Each has its own. beauty. Their death is grand or beautiful because it makes them immortal through the grand tombs and memorials erected in their honour.
Answer. The mighty dead are those who have laid down their lives for a great or noble cause. Their death is replete with intellectual and spiritual beauty. Birth, growth and decay, all are inseparable. Each has its own. beauty. Their death is grand or beautiful because it makes them immortal through the grand tombs and memorials erected in their honour.
Question.6. What is
the message of the poem, ‘A thing of beauty’?
Answer. The message of the poem ‘A thing of beauty’ is that beautiful things are a source of constant joy and inspiration. They give us eternal pleasure and leave an indelible image on our minds and, therefore, every beautiful thing and aspect is worth being treasured.
Answer. The message of the poem ‘A thing of beauty’ is that beautiful things are a source of constant joy and inspiration. They give us eternal pleasure and leave an indelible image on our minds and, therefore, every beautiful thing and aspect is worth being treasured.
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
AUNT JENNIFER’S TIGERS
Question.1.
Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.
When
Aunt is dead, her terrified hands will lie
Still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by
The tigers in the panel that she made
Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid
Still ringed with ordeals she was mastered by
The tigers in the panel that she made
Will go on prancing, proud and unafraid
(a) Why are
Aunt Jennifer’s hands terrified?
(b) Why is she “ringed with ordeals”?
(c) What is the difference between her and the tigers?
(d) Why has Aunt Jennifer created the tigers so different from her own character?
(b) Why is she “ringed with ordeals”?
(c) What is the difference between her and the tigers?
(d) Why has Aunt Jennifer created the tigers so different from her own character?
Answer.(a) Her
hands are ‘terrified’ (actually she is terrified) as she is passing through the
very hard and bitter experience of married life. Here the poet has used her
hands to represent her.
(b) The
‘ring’ here refers to her wedding band or ring, which has brought with it a
host of family responsibilities. She feels so surrounded (i.e. ringed) by her
marital constraints that it seems like an ordeal to her.
(c) Aunt Jennifer is quite weak and submissive, whereas the tigers are strong, bold and powerful. She is bound by the constraints of her married fife, while the tigers are free to move about in the green woods.
(d) The tigers created by Aunt Jennifer are an expression of her desire to free herself from the constraints of her married life. She wants to be bold and fearless like her tigers.
(c) Aunt Jennifer is quite weak and submissive, whereas the tigers are strong, bold and powerful. She is bound by the constraints of her married fife, while the tigers are free to move about in the green woods.
(d) The tigers created by Aunt Jennifer are an expression of her desire to free herself from the constraints of her married life. She wants to be bold and fearless like her tigers.
Question.2.
How are Aunt Jennifer’s tigers different from her?
Answer. Aunt Jennifer’s tigers are created by her on the tapestry. However, they present a sharp contrast to their creator. While the Aunt is weak, meek and submissive and is scared of expressing her feelings openly, the tigers are strong, fearless and confident. They are bold creatures and are scared of no one. The aunt is in bonded in matrimony and faces several restrictions. Qn the other hand, the tigers move about freely. Aunt Jennifer’s tigers provide a striking contrast to her. The old lady is weak and- scared of men, whereas the tigers symbolize strength, power and fearlessness.
Answer. Aunt Jennifer’s tigers are created by her on the tapestry. However, they present a sharp contrast to their creator. While the Aunt is weak, meek and submissive and is scared of expressing her feelings openly, the tigers are strong, fearless and confident. They are bold creatures and are scared of no one. The aunt is in bonded in matrimony and faces several restrictions. Qn the other hand, the tigers move about freely. Aunt Jennifer’s tigers provide a striking contrast to her. The old lady is weak and- scared of men, whereas the tigers symbolize strength, power and fearlessness.
Question.3.
How does Aunt Jennifer express her bitterness and anger against male dominance?
Answer. Aunt Jennifer is too terrified to openly resist the oppression that she is victim of. She expresses her bitterness and anger against male dominance silently through her art. She creates tigers on her tapestry; animals that are symbolic of bravery, fearlessness and strength. Besides, she portrays these tigers as creatures unafraid of the men around them. The tigers she creates are wild and free from any kind of bondage.
Answer. Aunt Jennifer is too terrified to openly resist the oppression that she is victim of. She expresses her bitterness and anger against male dominance silently through her art. She creates tigers on her tapestry; animals that are symbolic of bravery, fearlessness and strength. Besides, she portrays these tigers as creatures unafraid of the men around them. The tigers she creates are wild and free from any kind of bondage.
Question.4.What
will happen to Aunt Jennifer’s tigers when she is dead?
Answer. The
tigers created by Aunt Jennifer are eternal. They will keep on prancing even
after her death. She probably wants to convey that the tigers which represent
the Aunt’s inner sense of freedom will stay forever.
Question.5.What
lies heavily on Aunt Jennifer’s hand? How is it associated with her husband?
Answer. The weight that lies heavy on Aunt Jennifer’s hand is the wedding band, which symbolises the weight of her married life. Probably, the weight has burdened her so much that she feels subjugated. Aunt Jennifer had a troubled married life with a dominating and oppressive husband.
Answer. The weight that lies heavy on Aunt Jennifer’s hand is the wedding band, which symbolises the weight of her married life. Probably, the weight has burdened her so much that she feels subjugated. Aunt Jennifer had a troubled married life with a dominating and oppressive husband.
Sunday, December 1, 2019
The Interview Flamingo
Introduction
Do you like to be interviewed? You cannot love interviews when you are a celebrity, all the time surrounded by the interviewers and camera flash, by unnecessary questions and seeing your answers twisted, misinterpreted and gossiped in the media… Do celebrities like to be interviewed? Some celebrities have expressed their views about interviews. Most of them condemn being interviewed.
Celebrities on Interviews
- VS Naipaul condemns interviews because interviews are unnecessary intrusions into our personal life and they hurt people.
- Lewis Carroll had great fear for the interviewers. He loved to have normal life and therefore hated being interviewed because he believed interviews give a person too much importance in the society.
- Rudyard Kippling had an even more condemnatory attitude towards interviews. He considered it to be a crime, an immoral activity and wanted the interviewer punished for stealing, assaulting and attacking.
- G. Wells was a celebrity who considered interview to be an ordeal.
- Soul Bellow felt he had been forced to speak during the interview. He felt his windpipe being thumbed to speak.
Umberto Eco Interviewed – Umberto EcoProfessor of Semiotics – Author of Academic Books – More than 40 books! – Author of the Best Seller, “Name of the Rose”
- Mukund – Sir, how do you manage time to write and teach and research?
“I work in interstices or empty spaces.” - Mukund – Sir, how do you make your academic books interesting to reader?
“I write my academic books as novels.” - How did you start writing novels?
“Accidentally! But it worked.” - While writing the Name of the Rose, were you puzzled?
“No, but my publishers were puzzled.” - What is the mystery of the success of the novel?
“It is still a mystery, but time of its publication matters a lot.
Terms to Remember.
- VS Naipaul – “Wounded by interviews”
- Lewis Carroll – “Fear for the interviewer”
- Rudyard Kipling – “Hatred for interviewer/attack/assault/theft/indecent/punishable”
- HG Wells – “Ordeal/unpleasant experience”
- Soul Bellow – “Thumb prints on windpipe”
- Denis Brian – “Serviceable medium of communication between the celebrities and the ordinary people. Inspiration.”
Umberto Eco Vs Mukund
- Interstices/empty spaces
- Working in empty spaces of life
- Narrative style
- People get tired of easy books/reading and want to try difficult reading – Started writing novels “accidentally” – Name of the Rose in America – unexpected sale.
Questions & Answers
- Why do celebrities despise interviews?While common people are eager to read the interviews of the celebrities, the very celebrities have an aversion to being interviewed. Most of them find an interview intruding into their personal lives while some fear it, some hate it, some consider it immoral and assaulting.
- What is V.S. Naipaul’s attitude towards interview?
VS Naipaul feels that some people are wounded by interviews and loose a part of themselves. - What were Lewis Carroll’s fears regarding interviews?Lewis Carroll says interviews bring unparallel heights to the person in the society and that they will be regarded more than what they are and consequently they will lose their friends and dear ones.
- What make Rudyard Kipling condemn being interviewed?Rudyard Kipling considered interviews to be immoral. He said it is a crime, just as much of a crime as an offence against the person interviewed, as an assault, and just as much merits punishment. He adds that it is cowardly and vile and therefore no respectable man would ask it, much less give it.
- What does Saul Bellow mean by saying that ‘interviews were thumbprints on his windpipe?’Saul Bellow used to allow to be interviewed yet he used to comment that he used to have great trouble to be interviewed because it was an experience of his throat being thumbed by his interviewers.
- How does interview serve a noble purpose in the modern world?Even though most celebrities condemn interviews, it serves a noble purpose to the rest of the world. The great thoughts and attitudes of the celebrities reach the common people through the medium of interview and make people’s life more meaningful and enlightened.
- What is the irony in Eco’s statement, ‘I am a professor who writes novels on Sundays?’A novelist can never say that he keeps a day for writing novels. Writers are always writers. Yet Umberto Eco is an exception. Though he is a world famous novelist, he primarily considers himself as a professor and an academic writer and hardly gets time for writing novels except on Sundays.
- What is Semiotics? How is Eco known in connection with Semiotics?Semiotics is the study of signs. Eco is a professor of semiotics at the Bologna University, Italy, and writes academic books on this subject.
- What enabled Eco to acquire the equivalent of intellectual superstardom?Umberto Eco is famous for his books on semiotics and popular for his novel. Besides, he deals with literary interpretation, medieval aesthetics, literary fiction, academic texts, essays, children’s books, newspaper articles, etc. This quality of being at the same time able to handle such a wide range of subjects as a writer enabled him to acquire the equivalent of intellectual superstardom.
- Explain Eco’s theory of interstices.There is a lot of empty space between the nucleus and electrons in each atom and if that empty space is removed, the universe will be as small as a human fist. Even though this is a bit of exaggeration, Eco wants to say that similar empty spaces are in our lives too and if we remove them we can find out a lot of time to do more.
- How does Umberto Eco manage time to write a wide range of books in his limited time?Umberto Eco believes that there is a lot of empty space in everyone’s life. If we efficiently make use of this wasted time, however short they are, we can find a lot of time in our lives. Eco finds his time to write during such times.
- What is the marked departure from a regular academic style that is found in Eco’s academic books?
Most of the academic books are uninteresting and dry. But Eco’s books on any serious academic subject is different because his books have a story style where the student can find characters, incidents and stories that teach the subject of study. - What important lesson did Eco learn while writing his doctoral dissertation? How did it influence him in his writing academic books and later becoming a novelist?
- What makes Eco identify himself with the academic community even though he is better known as a novelist?
- How does Eco balance his botheration of being overshadowed by the fame of a novelist?Though Umberto Eco feels that he could not make Semiotics famous or be famous as an academic writer, he balances that failure against the huge success that he achieved by his novel which in fact is all about semiotics and the rest of his favourite subjects.
Questions for Practice
- What do you understand about the Name of the Rose?
- Why were journalists and publishers puzzled about the success of the Name of the Rose before it really became success?
- What personal theory made Eco to pen down his successful novel, The Name of the Rose?
- What was extraordinary about the success of the Name of the Rose in America?
- Why does Eco admit that the reason behind the success of the Name of the Rose was a ‘mystery?’Though the novel, The Name of the Rose has been named as one of the legendary best seller, Umberto Eco admits that its success is a mystery because he believes that his novel won an unequal success considering that many novels had been written earlier and later than his novel.
- Why are interviews loved by a great many common people?Interviews are loved by the common people. They love Interviews because it is a medium of communication between the great people and ordinary people. Some people have great ideas and great lives while the rest think ordinarily and live an ordinary life. By reading the interviews of the great people, the ordinary people are enlightened and inspired. They too can live a great life.
- Why do some critics have extraordinary claims for the merits of interviews?
- How does Umberto Eco make use of ‘interstices’ in his personal life?
- Mention an instance from Eco’s interview with which he is lionized and another with which he loses something of himself?
- Why did Lewis Carroll fear interviewer?
- How did HG Wells consider interviews as?
- Why does Denis Brian praise the functions and merits of interviews?
- How has interview become a commonplace in journalism today?
- What makes Denis Brian hold the view that interview is in its practice serviceable? (2 marks)
- What is Eco’s theory of Interstices? How does he apply this theory in his literary activities? (2 marks)
- What is unusual about Eco’s claim that he writes novels on Sundays? (2 marks)
- In spite of their benefits, interviews are generally disliked by most celebrities who see themselves as their victims. Discuss.
Intellectually speaking, there are two kinds of people in every society; the high thinking celebrities such as writers and thinkers, poets and novelists, educationists and social workers and the low thinking common people. Interviews are the most effective medium of communication between these two kinds of people. The common man and woman love to read an interview for drawing inspiration from the extraordinary ones, their intellectual contemporaries. - Why do some critics have extraordinary claims for the merits of interviews?
- How does Umberto Eco make use of ‘interstices’ in his personal life?
- Mention an instance from Eco’s interview with which he is lionized and another with which he loses something of himself?
- Why did Lewis Carroll fear interviewer?
- How did HG Wells consider interviews as?
- Why does Denis Brian praise the functions and merits of interviews?
- How has interview become a commonplace in journalism today?
- What makes Denis Brian hold the view that interview is in its practice serviceable? (2 marks)
- What is Eco’s theory of Interstices? How does he apply this theory in his literary activities? (2 marks)
- What is unusual about Eco’s claim that he writes novels on Sundays? (2 marks)
- In spite of their benefits, interviews are generally disliked by most celebrities who see themselves as their victims. Discuss.
Journey to the End of Earth
What is going to happen to our planet? What will happen to this earth after another million years? No one can say but Antarctica can give us some hints. The coldest place of the earth, Antarctica warns us to take care of the earth so that it will take care of us!
Yes, we the human beings have indeed caused a lot of harm to this earth. We multiplied in the last 12000 years of our existence and brought every species under our control and destroyed many of them for our water, for our food, for our shelter, for our fun. Now stop and listen to the warnings from Antarctica. It was once a dry and hot landmass. Forget how it became cold. Now the big thing is that it is going to become that same dry, hot landmass again! If so, what will happen to the dry regions of the earth? Will they turn up to cold continents again? If you don’t believe these facts, come to Antarctica and start digging the miles-deep ice-sheets. You will discover layers after layers rich with the well preserved fossils of a lot of unknown animals and birds and trees. Join us, to the Journey to the End of the Earth to see if the world is really journeying to its end.
Bit/Bits
- Students on Ice is an educational trip to Antarctica
- It is organized by Geoff Green
- Destination – Antarctica
- Participants – Mostly youngsters
- Starting from – India, Canada, etc.
- Duration – Two weeks or more
- Purpose – Teach the new generation of the disaster that the earth is facing today and of the end of the earth
- When you reach Antarctica you feel like being part of its history of human occupation.
Opening – ‘Students on Ice.’
- What is ‘Students on Ice?’
‘Students on Ice’ is an educational journey to Antarctica. It takes high school students to show them the horrifying impacts of human activities in Antarctica so that the youngsters, the future policy makers of the earth, will realize that the end of the earth is quite near and therefore something is to be done to save the planet. - Why did Geoff Green decide to take high school students to Antarctica?
Geoff Green didn’t find any good in taking curious celebrities to Antarctica until he thought of taking high school students. He believed the young enthusiasm in them would easily understand the seriousness of the threat that poses the earth by visiting Antarctica and they would act their bit to save the planet from further deterioration. - Why is Students on Ice Program a success?
When one stands in the midst of the calving ice-sheets and retreating glaciers and melting ice-bergs, he realizes that the threats to the earth are real. It is different from talking about Antarctica from the comfort zones of our warm countries and therefore being in Antarctica is a shocking realization. - Why are the youngsters called the future policy makers of the earth?
The youngsters are called the future policy-makers because it is they who will steer the government-machine as they grow up. More than that, the more educated youth of today is the hope for the earth as many students are more informed and more aware of the weakening strength of the planet. - What lessons are we able to learn from Antarctica?While in Antarctica, we can ice-sheets breaking, water level rising, seals taking sun bath on the ice-floes. We can also walk on the thin layers of ice and feel the life under our feet. We can see icebergs as big as a small country. We will be shocked to hear that these ice sheets were many times bigger than their present size a few years ago. You will see a green patch of phytoplankton – a microscopic grass that feeds the entire marine life. Last of all, if you dig a bit, you will be lucky to see the fossils of half a million year old animals, plants and birds that got killed in the previous ice-age. From all this, we are able to learn the lesson of the death of the planet earth.
- What are phytoplanktons? How are they important for the earth’s survival? What does the parable of phytoplankton teach us?
Phytoplankton is a single-celled grass that feed the entire southern ocean’s marine life. These micro organisms require a low degree of temperature for their survival. But due to the overheating and the depletion of ozone layers, their existence is threatened. The message for the humans is to take care of the small things so that the bigger things will also fall in place. - What beauty of balance does the author see in Antarctica and in the warm countries?
While in Antarctica the author saw crab-eater seals having sun-bath on the ice-floes much like the stray dogs sleep under the shade of trees in the warmer countries. While the polar animals prefer a bit of warmth, the tropical ones desire a bit cool. The author believes that the earth has a balancing of climatic variations and after millions of years the Polar Regions will once again become warmer and the warmer will turn cool. - How is Antarctica significant in climatic debates?Antarctica is a continent that has a landmass with miles deep ice, layers over layers. In each of those layers lie millions of years old carbon records of the organisms that existed since the beginning of the earth. While pondering over the issue of the future of the earth, these carbon records will shed light on the past and enable the scientist to co-relate the past, present and future.
- Do you think that programs like the Students on Ice do more harm than good? Support your answer.
I personally feel that such trips do more harm than good. We have ruined the earth as much as we could and as wide as we could go. Because Antarctica was far away and extremely cold, it could keep the most dangerous animal away from it but now we have so many reasons to go to this pristine continent. Please, please stop it. Let’s not encourage such trips. After all, what else do we have to learn about the earth than the fact that we have ruined it beyond reparation and repair. Geoff Green, no, it is evident that you have been running a business, not a service. Please spare Antarctica. Stop Students on Ice program!
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